Highlights
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Swabs made of cotton, flocked nylon and foam gave equivalent DNA recoveries for smooth/non-absorbing surfaces.
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Applying a 60º angle and rotating the swab during sampling improved DNA yield for cotton swabs.
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Increased volume of wetting agent was favourable when swabbing on wood.
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The developed sampling protocols improved DNA recovery for wood and lowered person-to-person variation for ridged plastic.
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Increased surface complexity led to larger differences between swabs as well as between swabbing techniques.
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